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Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnosis
Cardiovascular disease refers to diseases of the heart or blood vessels, also known as diseases of the circulatory system, including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, myocardial/cerebral infarction and subsequent ischemia-reperfusion injury, and is a leading cause of disability and death worldwide.
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Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnosis
Cardiovascular disease has the characteristics of "high morbidity, high recurrence rate and many complications". Early detection, early treatment and early prevention can reduce the incidence, recurrence rate and related complications of cardiovascular disease. In order to detect cardiovascular disease as early as possible, it is essential to choose a reasonable examination method.
Conventional Diagnostic Methods
With the development of new devices and the application of new technologies, medical imaging is increasingly playing an irreplaceable role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Cardiovascular imaging technologies represented by coronary CTA (CCTA), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR), and radionuclide myocardial imaging have become irreplaceable means for the diagnosis of coronary heart disease and cardiomyopathy, and play an important role in the differential diagnosis.
- Coronary CTA (CCTA)
As a representative of non-invasive cardiovascular imaging technology, CCTA has certain advantages in assessing coronary stenosis, identifying vulnerable plaques, guiding interventional treatment of chronic occlusion (CTO) lesions, and evaluating the efficacy of stent implantation.
- Radionuclide Myocardial Imaging
Radionuclide myocardial imaging has important clinical value in the diagnosis of coronary heart disease, risk stratification, and detection of viable myocardium. Among them, radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging is the most accurate and non-invasive method for diagnosing myocardial ischemia in patients with coronary heart disease; radionuclide myocardial glucose metabolism imaging is currently the "gold standard" for evaluating viable myocardium.
- Fractional Blood Flow Reserve (FFR)
FFR is a functional and physiological index for evaluating coronary blood flow and has become the "gold standard" for judging coronary ischemia.
- Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR)
CMR has the advantages of high temporal and spatial resolution, optimal soft tissue contrast, large field of view, no radiation, many imaging parameters, and a large amount of information obtained. It is the "gold standard" for structural measurement and functional assessment of the heart and great vessels.
Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers Detection
Myocardial Injury Biomarkers
- Heart-type Fatty Acid-binding Protein
Heart-type fatty acid-binding protein (hFABP) is the earliest marker of myocardial injury. After myocardial ischemic injury, hFABP can be found in the blood as early as 1-3 hours after the onset of chest pain, and reaches 6-8 hours. Peak and plasma levels return to normal within 24-30 hours.
- Others
Creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), myoglobin (Mb/Myo), cardiac troponin (cTn) are normally present in cardiomyocytes and are released into the blood after myocardial infarction. Elevated levels of these substances in the blood indicate myocardial damage.
Cardiac Function Biomarkers
- Natriuretic Peptide
A-type natriuretic peptide (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are secreted by the atrium and ventricle, respectively, and are currently important markers for understanding cardiac function. Soluble growth-stimulated expression gene 2 (sST2), as a novel biomarker that can simultaneously reflect inflammation, fibrosis and myocardial tension, can be used for risk stratification, prognosis assessment and individualized treatment of patients with heart failure.
- Adrenomedullin
Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone, which has the function of relaxation factor and plays an important role in microcirculation and endothelial disorders. Pro-adrenal medulla mid-segment peptide (MR-proADM) is a stable surrogate marker reflecting the release of ADM in endothelial disorders. Therefore, some scholars believe that MR-proADM, as a novel biomarker reflecting vascular status, can predict death better than NT-proBNP, and can help distinguish those patients with very high-risk chronic heart failure (CHF) who need intensive treatment.
Inflammatory Response Biomarkers
- Homocysteine
Hcy hyperemia caused by abnormal metabolism of homocysteine (Hcy) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Therefore, the determination of Hcy level has also become a predictor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
- Myeloperoxidase
Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an inflammatory factor in coronary artery disease and may play a role in the diagnosis and risk assessment of atherosclerosis. The study found that elevated MPO levels not only correlated with susceptibility to coronary artery disease, but also predicted the risk of early myocardial infarction.
The above biomarkers of cardiovascular diseases can be mainly detected by linear immunoassay (LIA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and molecular diagnostic techniques based on CRISPR-Cas system.
Our Services
Utilizing the DeteCasTM platform based on the CRISPR-Cas system, CD BioSciences can provide various services in cardiovascular diseases diagnosis, such as nucleic acids detection service, protein biomarker detection service and small molecule detection service. If you are interested in these services, please contact us.
References
- Jia, Q., et al. Research progress of biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Marker immunoassay and clinical. 2015, 22(10): 5.
- Elsayad, A., et al. Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Diseases with Bayesian Classifiers. Journal of Computer Science. 2015, 11(2): 274-282.
For research use only. Not intended for any clinical use.
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