Autoimmune Diseases Diagnosis

Autoimmune disease (AID) refers to the disease caused by the body's immune response to self-antigens, resulting in damage to its own tissues. The global prevalence of autoimmune diseases ranges from 5% to 20%. Incidence and prevalence have increased significantly over the past 30 years. Autoimmune diseases are one of the top 10 leading causes of death in women under the age of 64.

Rheumatism	Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematosus Mixed connective tissue disease Antiphospholipid syndrome
Digestive System Related	Autoimmune hepatitis Primary biliary cirrhosis Primary sclerosing cholangitis	Inflammatory bowel disease Gluten sensitive enteropathy Chronic atrophic gastritis
Kidney Disease Related	Primary membranous nephropathy	Lupus nephritis
Nervous System Related	Paraneoplastic syndrome Stiff man syndrome	Autoimmune encephalitis
Skin Related	Pemphigus Pemphigoid	Dermatitis herpetiformis
Blood Disease Related	Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura	Pernicious anemia
Endocrine System Related	Autoimmune thyroid disease	Type 1 diabetes

Autoimmune Diseases Diagnosis

Detecting autoimmune disease at an early stage can prevent or delay irreparable damage to the target organ or tissue, so early diagnosis is important for managing autoimmune disease. Since the production of autoantibodies is one of the basic characteristics of autoimmune diseases, autoantibodies themselves become the serological markers of most autoimmune diseases.

Diagnosis of Rheumatic Diseases
Rheumatic diseases are a group of extremely common clinical syndromes characterized by joint pain and chills. Rheumatic diseases can be diagnosed by detecting autoantibodies.

Diagnosis of Rheumatic Diseases

Rheumatic disease-related autoantibodies include antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA), antiphospholipid antibodies, and rheumatoid arthritis-related antibodies.

The available detection method is indirect immunofluorescence testing (IIFT). In addition, the target antigen can be confirmed by methods such as line immunoassay (LIA), enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and molecular diagnostic technology based on CRISPR-Cas system.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Liver Disease
Autoimmune hepatitis is inflammation of the liver that occurs when the body's immune system attacks liver cells. Autoimmune liver disease-related autoantibodies include anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA), anti-liver-kidney microsomal 1 (LKM-1) antibodies, and anti-liver cytosol antigen type 1 (liver cytosol) type 1, LC-1) antibodies, anti-mitochondrial antibodies (anti-mitochondrial antibodies, AMA), etc.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Liver Disease

Among them, ASMA can be detected by IIFT with rat stomach as standard matrix, LKM-1 and LC-1 can be detected by ELISA or IIFT with rat kidney and rat liver as matrix, and AMA can be detected by IIFT with rat kidney as standard matrix The AMA subtypes were distinguished by ELISA or LIA with reference to the fluorescence results of rat stomach, rat liver, HEp-2 cells and other matrices.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Nephropathy
Autoimmune nephropathy is a group of chronic glomerular diseases caused by multiple etiologies with the same immunopathological features.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Nephropathy

Autoimmune nephropathy-related autoantibodies include anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies and anti-phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) antibodies. Among them, anti-GBM antibody can be detected by ELISA or IIFT with primate kidney and lung as standard matrix, and anti-PLA2R antibody can be detected by ELISA and IIFT with transfected cells as matrix. In addition, molecular diagnostic technology based on CRISPR-Cas system can also detect related antibodies.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Enteropathy
Autoimmune enteropathy (AIE) is a clinically rare disease of unknown etiology. In the past, reports were more common in infants and young children. In recent years, reports of adult cases have gradually increased.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Enteropathy

Autoimmune enteropathy-related autoantibodies include anti-saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), anti-parietal cell autoantibodies (PCA), intrinsic factor antibodies, and anti-gliadin antibodies (anti-gliadin antibodies, AGA), anti-tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibodies, and anti-endomysia antibodies (EMA). Among them, ASCA can be detected by ELISA, PCA can be detected by ELISA or IIFT with primate stomach as standard matrix, AGA and anti-tTG antibody can be detected by ELISA.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases
Autoimmune endocrine diseases mainly include thyroid disease and diabetes.

Diagnosis of Autoimmune Endocrine Diseases

Among them, autoantibodies related to thyroid diseases include anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), anti-thyroid microsomal antibody, anti-thyroglobulin antibody, anti-thyrotropin receptor antibody, etc. Diabetes-related autoantibodies include anti-islet cell autoantibodies (ICA), anti-tyrosine phosphatase (insulinoma associated antigen 2, IA2) antibodies, anti-GAD antibodies, and anti-insulin autoimmune antibodies (IAA). These antibodies can be detected by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, ELISA and molecular diagnostic technology based on CRISPR-Cas system.

Our Services

Utilizing the DeteCas^TM platform based on the CRISPR-Cas system, CD BioSciences can provide various services in autoimmune diseases diagnosis, such as nucleic acids detection service, protein biomarker detection service and small molecule detection service. If you are interested in these services, please contact us.

References

Gupta, R., et al. Formulating a gene signature for diagnosis of autoimmune and infectious diseases. BCB '21: 12th ACM International Conference on Bioinformatics, Computational Biology and Health Informatics ACM. 2021.
Gao, R., et al. Systemic autoimmune diseases and recurrent pregnancy loss: research progress in diagnosis and treatment. Chinese Medical Journal. 2021.

For research use only. Not intended for any clinical use.